This is generally looking really good, well done!

On your question:

Hi, I have a question regarding the testing strategy. When and why is it better to implement manual assertions versus using a framework like Jest? Are there specific rules or industry standards on when to use each approach?

In real life, we almost always use a testing framework - they tend to have lots of convenience things (e.g. as you've seen here expect(...).toThrow(...) is much more convenient to write than having to do a try-catch and failing the test in the try after the code you're testing - you can build these things up yourself, but frameworks exist to do this for you :)

Hi @illicitonion, that makes a lot of sense. Building manual assertions was a great exercise to understand how testing works under the hood, but I can see how expect(...).toThrow() indeed is much cleaner and more efficient for real-world projects.

Thank you very much for your time.